This one's going to be quick and easy, guys, because most of you have been to some of these other presentations. So we're going to go through a table format of some of these top diseases that we think you should know for your backyard small flock clients. Okay, so let's go through line by line. This is going to be sort of section by section. So we're going to look at chronic respiratory disease. This is a very common bacterial disease of both chickens and turkeys and other game birds caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. It is a respiratory disease. It's going to cause respiratory signs, including mild to moderate mortality, drop in production, and notably swollen sinuses. So you're going to see those facial sinuses with a big old swollen like donut almost. In turkeys, if you see a swollen face, always think Mycoplasma gallisepticum. And that is a really good test question That's a slam dunk test question. If you see that, the swollen face on a turkey, it is mycoplasma. Diagnostics here. You can do culture, can do PCR, you can run pretty good serology and actually have indicative values there. You can treat mycoplasma with tetracycline, sulfonamides or erythromycin. Again, always use your antibiotics judiciously. Look at Farad. Make sure you can use what you can and obey your withdrawals. And prognosis for Mycoplasma is fair to good. You know, sometimes you get a hot strain, but that's unusual in the U.S. and Canada. I think most of us just deal with, like, low simmering infections. In a lot of ways, this infection is similar to infectious coryza, which is another bacterial disease, respiratory caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. Here though, it is chickens only, so we only need to worry about chickens. The same respiratory signs, mild to moderate mortality, drop in production, swollen sinuses. So if you see a chicken with a really big donut face, you can think this could be infectious Coryza, or it could be Mycoplasma gallisepticum Turkeys, it's only mycoplasma. For infectious coryza you can do a culture, you can do a PCR you treat with tetracycline or tylosin, depending on labels, and your prognosis is guarded to fair. It's a little bit worse outcomes than in mycoplasma. Something that's useful to know for both of these, these are similar in presentation, they are also similar in how you will get them. So they are diseases that are bacterial. They will go chronic. When you treat them, they won't go away fully. It's not curative treatment. You're going to have bacteria sort of simmer down into your system and during times of stress when your immune system might be slightly compromised, they're going to rebloom and you're going to see causes of clinical signs and disease again. So, again, it's not curative. Always be really careful. These are two diseases you can bring into your flocks by buying adult birds that don't have the same immune background as your own concurrent flock. We just talked about coccidiosis, so you guys are experts already. These are caused by various Eimeria species, cause of disease in various birds as well. It's a GI disease causing diarrhea, depression, poor thrift, bad uniformity, mortality, bloody feces, all kinds of stuff. Diagnostics here, gross lesions are very useful. So always necropsy when you can. Light microscopy can be very useful if you know what size of oocyte to look for, you can actually float them and see what you see in the feces and diagnose it that way. You can also do histopathology and based on the tissue layer and what part of intestine these parasites are living in, you can actually speciate them that way. Treatments are available in feed typically ionophores or anti coccidial chemicals. And you have a guareded to good prognosis. And again, that depends on the immune status of your flock, level of infection, and the species that you're dealing with. 

Right. Last one. Diseases of Concern Page. We're going to go into some viruses now, so we're going to talk with respiratory first. There's a lot of respiratory things in backyard flocks. ILT,  infectious laryngotracheitis is caused by an alpha herpes virus. It is seen as slow accelerating mortality, dyspnea, wheezing. So these birds will sometimes make these odd like honking noises. In really bad cases, they might actually expectorate blood. And you'll see blood on the walls of the coop. Diagnostics here. You're going to look for gross lesions. You're going to see sometimes slightly swollen eyelids, bubbly eyes. You're going to see tracheas full of blood or tissue. You're going to run histopathology or PCR to know what you've got. Treatments. There isn't anything available because this is a viral disease. But supportive care can help. You know, various electrolytes. Keeping the birds warm can help. And the prognosis is guarded to fair. And it really depends on the level of infection. Avian influenza is also a respiratory disease. And we talked about how it's almost indistinguishable in clinical signs from Newcastle disease. So we'll just cover these together. Avian influenza is caused by influenza A virus, Newcastle disease is caused by a paramyxovirus. They're respiratory diseases primarily, but they can also cause neurologic signs, GI signs, they cause sudden mortality, drops in production and consumption, respiratory and neurologic signs. A lot depends on the strain of the virus that you see. So there's a lot of things that they can appear as. You're going to want to pursue PCR and serology. Quick diagnostics. You're going to really, really, really if you think about either of these diseases in any capacity as a diagnostic, you're going to want to consult your state animal health folks, your state diagnostic labs. There's no treatments we have for these viral diseases, and it is a grave prognosis if it's a pathogenic strain. And then finally, we have Marek's disease. This is also an alpha herpes virus. But instead of being a respiratory disease like ILT now we're seeing an immune oncogenic virus. So this is actually going to cause tumors of your T cells. It's going to cause sporadic mortality in young birds or neurologic signs. And this is sort of where your tumors decide to appear and what that might do to the bird. Diagnostics include gross lesions, PCR and then also histopathology. There's no treatment for this viral disease. We really have to focus on prevention. And the prognosis is sometimes fine if it's subclinical, however, if you see progressive clinical signs, it is a grave prognosis. There's not much of anything we can do there. Again, when we're playing with viral diseases, it's a game of prevention. 

But the good news for all of you is that you've now been to this talk. So you are coming in prepared for all of this. And there are a lot of resources out there for you. So I never want you to feel like you're going out into the wilds to see chickens and you don't have any background knowledge. There's a lot going on to teach you and there's a lot of folks that you can call. So in terms of textbooks, the number one textbook, I think if we're going to be seeing backyard poultry that you should absolutely go ahead and get now is backyard poultry, medicine and surgery. It's very comprehensive. It has chapters written by great experts in the field, and it is more comprehensive than what a commercial poultry veterinarian could give you, because it's also coming a little bit from the exotics perspective and sort of a one on one patient interactions. It's useful to have a formulary like carpenters, exotic animal formulary for thinking about things that might be helpful in galinacious birds that we're don't have on label. So again, you're gonna want to consult Farad when you start prescribing those. But for things like pain medications where there's nothing on label for poultry in pain, having a formulary might be very helpful. Diseases of poultry is sort of what we refer to as the epitome of the poultry world. This is sort of the book you almost have to memorize for your poultry residency, get the 14th edition and go ahead and consult that for all of your academic questions and background disease questions. If you want a lighter version of that, which gives you sort of more nugget based chunks of information that you can just use and go forth and you don't have to read through some of the background. Get the Avian Disease manual that's published by the American Association of Avian Pathologists, and I would recommend the eighth edition. Other resources. There's a lot going on. Primary literature is very helpful here. Avian Diseases Journal is the primary journal for poultry disease, infectious disease out there. The venipuncture techniques. There's also some pretty good papers in the laboratory in medicine area, so if you're going to look at that, this helps. I like this this nature article in laboratory animals, we'll show you how to not only perform venipuncture around the brachial vein, but also your metatarsals and your jugular veins. FARAD is going to be that website we talked about. There was a link earlier in this presentation to FARAD itself, but there is also a really great paper that they published I think is very important for everyone. It's called Egg Residue Considerations during the Treatment of Backyard Poultry, and it discusses some of the most highly requested information of various drugs. So, for example, can I give meloxicam to an egg layer? And if you wanted to find out more about that, that's a great paper to cite and use. This is a great list of poultry diagnostic laboratories for your outreach needs. It's from the NPIP website, and then the NPIP website itself is poultryimprovement.org.