VTNE Question of the day

The surgeon performed a surgical repair of a patent ductus arteriosus via thoracotomy in a four-month-old Labrador puppy.

In recovery, you find the puppy crying and whining in his cage. His breaths are short and fast. He tries to get away, cowers in the corner, and cries louder when you try to comfort him.

Which of the following is the best explanation of this scenario?

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